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Phys. Rev. 126, 603–615 (1962)

Theory of the Hydrogen Maser

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Daniel Kleppner, H. Mark Goldenberg, and Norman F. Ramsey
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Received 15 December 1961; published in the issue dated April 1962

The behavior of the atomic hydrogen maser is analyzed for both stationary and transient operation. An expression for noise in the signal from the maser oscillator is derived by applying the previously developed theory of Shimoda, Wang, and Townes. A variety of relaxation phenomena are analyzed, including effects of chemical reaction with the surface and magnetic field inhomogeneities. Several mechanisms leading to frequency shifts in the maser are also analyzed, including cavity pulling and the Doppler effect.

© 1962 The American Physical Society

URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.126.603
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRev.126.603
PACS: