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Phys. Rev. 127, 965–970 (1962)

Broken Symmetries

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Jeffrey Goldstone
Trinity College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England

Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg*
Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England

Received 16 March 1962; published in the issue dated August 1962

Some proofs are presented of Goldstone's conjecture, that if there is continuous symmetry transformation under which the Lagrangian is invariant, then either the vacuum state is also invariant under the transformation, or there must exist spinless particles of zero mass.

© 1962 The American Physical Society

URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.127.965
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRev.127.965
PACS:

*Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow; Permanent address: University of California, Berkeley, California.

 
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