Phys. Rev. D 69, 122004 (2004) [24 pages]
Analysis of first LIGO science data for stochastic gravitational waves
B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
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B. Abbott13, R. Abbott16, R. Adhikari14, A. Ageev21,28, B. Allen40, R. Amin35, S. B. Anderson13, W. G. Anderson30, M. Araya13, H. Armandula13, F. Asiri13 *, P. Aufmuth32, C. Aulbert1, S. Babak7, R. Balasubramanian7, S. Ballmer14, B. C. Barish13, D. Barker15, C. Barker-Patton15, M. Barnes13, B. Barr36, M. A. Barton13, K. Bayer14, R. Beausoleil27 †, K. Belczynski24, R. Bennett36 ‡, S. J. Berukoff1 §, J. Betzwieser14, B. Bhawal13, I. A. Bilenko21, G. Billingsley13, E. Black13, K. Blackburn13, B. Bland-Weaver15, B. Bochner14 **, L. Bogue13, R. Bork13, S. Bose41, P. R. Brady40, V. B. Braginsky21, J. E. Brau38, D. A. Brown40, S. Brozek32 ††, A. Bullington27, A. Buonanno6 ‡‡, R. Burgess14, D. Busby13, W. E. Butler39, R. L. Byer27, L. Cadonati14, G. Cagnoli36, J. B. Camp22, C. A. Cantley36, L. Cardenas13, K. Carter16, M. M. Casey36, J. Castiglione35, A. Chandler13, J. Chapsky13 ¶, P. Charlton13, S. Chatterji14, Y. Chen6, V. Chickarmane17, D. Chin37, N. Christensen8, D. Churches7, C. Colacino32,2, R. Coldwell35, M. Coles16 a, D. Cook15, T. Corbitt14, D. Coyne13, J. D. E. Creighton40, T. D. Creighton13, D. R. M. Crooks36, P. Csatorday14, B. J. Cusack3, C. Cutler1, E. D’Ambrosio13, K. Danzmann32,2,20, R. Davies7, E. Daw17 b, D. DeBra27, T. Delker35 c, R. DeSalvo13, S. Dhurandhar12, M. Díaz30, H. Ding13, R. W. P. Drever4, R. J. Dupuis36, C. Ebeling8, J. Edlund13, P. Ehrens13, E. J. Elliffe36, T. Etzel13, M. Evans13, T. Evans16, C. Fallnich32, D. Farnham13, M. M. Fejer27, M. Fine13, L. S. Finn29, É. Flanagan9, A. Freise2 d, R. Frey38, P. Fritschel14, V. Frolov16, M. Fyffe16, K. S. Ganezer5, J. A. Giaime17, A. Gillespie13 e, K. Goda14, G. González17, S. Goßler32, P. Grandclément24, A. Grant36, C. Gray15, A. M. Gretarsson16, D. Grimmett13, H. Grote2, S. Grunewald1, M. Guenther15, E. Gustafson27 f, R. Gustafson37, W. O. Hamilton17, M. Hammond16, J. Hanson16, C. Hardham27, G. Harry14, A. Hartunian13, J. Heefner13, Y. Hefetz14, G. Heinzel2, I. S. Heng32, M. Hennessy27, N. Hepler29, A. Heptonstall36, M. Heurs32, M. Hewitson36, N. Hindman15, P. Hoang13, J. Hough36, M. Hrynevych13 g, W. Hua27, R. Ingley34, M. Ito38, Y. Itoh1, A. Ivanov13, O. Jennrich36 h, W. W. Johnson17, W. Johnston30, L. Jones13, D. Jungwirth13 i, V. Kalogera24, E. Katsavounidis14, K. Kawabe20,2, S. Kawamura23, W. Kells13, J. Kern16, A. Khan16, S. Killbourn36, C. J. Killow36, C. Kim24, C. King13, P. King13, S. Klimenko35, P. Kloevekorn2, S. Koranda40, K. Kötter32, J. Kovalik16, D. Kozak13, B. Krishnan1, M. Landry15, J. Langdale16, B. Lantz27, R. Lawrence14, A. Lazzarini13, M. Lei13, V. Leonhardt32, I. Leonor38, K. Libbrecht13, P. Lindquist13, S. Liu13, J. Logan13 j, M. Lormand16, M. Lubinski15, H. Lück32,2, T. T. Lyons13 j, B. Machenschalk1, M. MacInnis14, M. Mageswaran13, K. Mailand13, W. Majid13 ¶, M. Malec32, F. Mann13, A. Marin14 k, S. Márka13, E. Maros13, J. Mason13 l, K. Mason14, O. Matherny15, L. Matone15, N. Mavalvala14, R. McCarthy15, D. E. McClelland3, M. McHugh19, P. McNamara36 m, G. Mendell15, S. Meshkov13, C. Messenger34, V. P. Mitrofanov21, G. Mitselmakher35, R. Mittleman14, O. Miyakawa13, S. Miyoki13 n, S. Mohanty1 o, G. Moreno15, K. Mossavi2, B. Mours13 p, G. Mueller35, S. Mukherjee1 o, J. Myers15, S. Nagano2, T. Nash10 q, H. Naundorf1, R. Nayak12, G. Newton36, F. Nocera13, P. Nutzman24, T. Olson25, B. O’Reilly16, D. J. Ottaway14, A. Ottewill40 r, D. Ouimette13 i, H. Overmier16, B. J. Owen29, M. A. Papa1, C. Parameswariah16, V. Parameswariah15, M. Pedraza13, S. Penn11, M. Pitkin36, M. Plissi36, M. Pratt14, V. Quetschke32, F. Raab15, H. Radkins15, R. Rahkola38, M. Rakhmanov35, S. R. Rao13, D. Redding13 ¶, M. W. Regehr13 ¶, T. Regimbau14, K. T. Reilly13, K. Reithmaier13, D. H. Reitze35, S. Richman14 s, R. Riesen16, K. Riles37, A. Rizzi16 t, D. I. Robertson36, N. A. Robertson36,27, L. Robison13, S. Roddy16, J. Rollins14, J. D. Romano30 u, J. Romie13, H. Rong35 e, D. Rose13, E. Rotthoff29, S. Rowan36, A. Rüdiger20,2, P. Russell13, K. Ryan15, I. Salzman13, G. H. Sanders13, V. Sannibale13, B. Sathyaprakash7, P. R. Saulson28, R. Savage15, A. Sazonov35, R. Schilling20,2, K. Schlaufman29, V. Schmidt13 v, R. Schofield38, M. Schrempel32 w, B. F. Schutz1,7, P. Schwinberg15, S. M. Scott3, A. C. Searle3, B. Sears13, S. Seel13, A. S. Sengupta12, C. A. Shapiro29 x, P. Shawhan13, D. H. Shoemaker14, Q. Z. Shu35 y, A. Sibley16, X. Siemens40, L. Sievers13 ¶, D. Sigg15, A. M. Sintes1,33, K. Skeldon36, J. R. Smith2, M. Smith14, M. R. Smith13, P. Sneddon36, R. Spero13 ¶, G. Stapfer16, K. A. Strain36, D. Strom38, A. Stuver29, T. Summerscales29, M. C. Sumner13, P. J. Sutton29 q, J. Sylvestre13, A. Takamori13, D. B. Tanner35, H. Tariq13, I. Taylor7, R. Taylor13, K. S. Thorne6, M. Tibbits29, S. Tilav13 z, M. Tinto4 ¶, K. V. Tokmakov21, C. Torres30, C. Torrie13,36, S. Traeger32 , G. Traylor16, W. Tyler13, D. Ugolini31, M. Vallisneri6 , M. van Putten14, S. Vass13, A. Vecchio34, C. Vorvick15, S. P. Vyachanin21, L. Wallace13, H. Walther20, H. Ward36, B. Ware13 ¶, K. Watts16, D. Webber13, A. Weidner20,2, U. Weiland32, A. Weinstein13, R. Weiss14, H. Welling32, L. Wen13, S. Wen17, J. T. Whelan19, S. E. Whitcomb13, B. F. Whiting35, P. A. Willems13, P. R. Williams1 , R. Williams4, B. Willke32,2, A. Wilson13, B. J. Winjum29 §, W. Winkler20,2, S. Wise35, A. G. Wiseman40, G. Woan36, R. Wooley16, J. Worden15, I. Yakushin16, H. Yamamoto13, S. Yoshida26, I. Zawischa32 , L. Zhang13, N. Zotov18, M. Zucker16, and J. Zweizig13 (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
1Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
2Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
3Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
4California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
5California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
6Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
7Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF2 3YB, United Kingdom
8Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
9Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
10Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
11Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
12Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
13LIGO–California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
14LIGO–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
15LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
16LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
17Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
18Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
19Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
20Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748, Garching, Germany
21Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
22NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
23National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
24Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
25Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana 59855, USA
26Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
27Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
28Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
29The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
30The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
31Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
32Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
33Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
34University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
35University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611, USA
36University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
37University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
38University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
39University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
40University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
41Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
Received 14 January 2004; published 30 June 2004
We present the analysis of between 50 and 100 h of coincident interferometric strain data used to search for and establish an upper limit on a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. These data come from the first LIGO science run, during which all three LIGO interferometers were operated over a 2-week period spanning August and September of 2002. The method of cross correlating the outputs of two interferometers is used for analysis. We describe in detail practical signal processing issues that arise when working with real data, and we establish an observational upper limit on a f-3 power spectrum of gravitational waves. Our 90% confidence limit is Ω0h1002<~23±4.6 in the frequency band 40–314 Hz, where h100 is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km/sec/Mpc and Ω0 is the gravitational wave energy density per logarithmic frequency interval in units of the closure density. This limit is approximately 104 times better than the previous, broadband direct limit using interferometric detectors, and nearly 3 times better than the best narrow-band bar detector limit. As LIGO and other worldwide detectors improve in sensitivity and attain their design goals, the analysis procedures described here should lead to stochastic background sensitivity levels of astrophysical interest.
©2004 The American Physical Society
URL: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.69.122004
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.69.122004
PACS: 04.80.Nn, 04.30.Db, 07.05.Kf, 95.55.Ym
* Currently at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
† Permanent Address: HP Laboratories.
‡ Currently at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.
§ Currently at University of California, Los Angeles.
** Currently at Hofstra University.
†† Currently at Siemens AG.
‡‡ Permanent address: GReCO, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (CNRS).
¶ Currently at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
a Currently at National Science Foundation.
b Currently at University of Sheffield.
c Currently at Ball Aerospace Corporation.
d Currently at European Gravitational Observatory.
e Currently at Intel Corp.
f Currently at Lightconnect Inc.
g Currently at Keck Observatory.
h Currently at ESA Science and Technology Center.
i Currently at Raytheon Corporation.
j Currently at Mission Research Corporation.
k Currently at Harvard University.
l Currently at Lockheed-Martin Corporation.
m Currently at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
n Permanent address: University of Tokyo, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research.
o Currently at The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College.
p Currently at Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules.
q Currently at LIGO–California Institute of Technology.
r Permanent address: University College Dublin.
s Currently at Research Electro-Optics Inc.
t Currently at Institute of Advanced Physics, Baton Rouge, LA.
u Currently at Cardiff University.
v Currently at European Commission, DG Research, Brussels, Belgium.
w Currently at Spectra Physics Corporation.
x Currently at University of Chicago.
y Currently at LightBit Corporation.
z Currently at University of Delaware.
Currently at Carl Zeiss GmbH.
Permanent address: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Currently at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory.
Currently at Laser Zentrum Hannover.
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