Search Results (107 total)

Individual multiwall boron nitride nanotubes with diameters from 30 nm to 110 nm are shown to be efficient UV emitters by cathodoluminescence. Their luminescence does not evolve much in this diameter range, with dominant UV recombinations at about 230 nm. As a result, single nanotube properties can be obtained from experiments performed on ensembles of nanotubes. Such ensembles are studied by photoluminescence as a function of temperature (5 K–300 K) and by photoluminescence excitation experiments at 9 K. The results are discussed and compared with the related bulk material, hexagonal boron nitride. The strong luminescence recorded around 230 nm is attributed to excitonic effects, more precisely to excitons bound to the structural defects: dislocations, facets, which are observed along the walls.

We report a new STAR measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A_LL for inclusive jet production at midrapidity in polarized p+p collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=200  GeV. The data, which cover jet transverse momenta 5<p_T<30  GeV/c, are substantially more precise than previous measurements. They provide significant new constraints on the gluon spin contribution to the nucleon spin through the comparison to predictions derived from one global fit to polarized deep-inelastic scattering measurements.

We present the first spin alignment measurements for the K^*0(892) and ϕ(1020) vector mesons produced at midrapidity with transverse momenta up to 5 GeV/c at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV at RHIC. The diagonal spin-density matrix elements with respect to the reaction plane in Au+Au collisions are ρ₀₀=0.32±0.04 (stat) ± 0.09 (syst) for the K^*0 (0.8<p_T<5.0 GeV/c) and ρ₀₀=0.34±0.02 (stat) ± 0.03 (syst) for the ϕ (0.4<p_T<5.0 GeV/c) and are constant with transverse momentum and collision centrality. The data are consistent with the unpolarized expectation of 1/3 and thus no evidence is found for the transfer of the orbital angular momentum of the colliding system to the vector-meson spins. Spin alignments for K^*0 and ϕ in Au+Au collisions were also measured with respect to the particle's production plane. The ϕ result, ρ₀₀=0.41±0.02 (stat) ± 0.04 (syst), is consistent with that in p+p collisions, ρ₀₀=0.39±0.03 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst), also measured in this work. The measurements thus constrain the possible size of polarization phenomena in the production dynamics of vector mesons.

We present STAR results on the elliptic flow v₂ of charged hadrons, strange and multistrange particles from sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The detailed study of the centrality dependence of v₂ over a broad transverse momentum range is presented. Comparisons of different analysis methods are made in order to estimate systematic uncertainties. To discuss the nonflow effect, we have performed the first analysis of v₂ with the Lee-Yang zero method for K_S⁰ and Λ. In the relatively low p_T region, p_T≤2 GeV/c, a scaling with m_T-m is observed for identified hadrons in each centrality bin studied. However, we do not observe v₂(p_T) scaled by the participant eccentricity to be independent of centrality. At higher p_T,2≤p_T≤6 GeV/c,v₂ scales with quark number for all hadrons studied. For the multistrange hadron Ω, which does not suffer appreciable hadronic interactions, the values of v₂ are consistent with both m_T-m scaling at low p_T and number-of-quark scaling at intermediate p_T. As a function of collision centrality, an increase of p_T-integrated v₂ scaled by the participant eccentricity has been observed, indicating a stronger collective flow in more central Au+Au collisions.

We report on the observed differences in production rates of strange and multistrange baryons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV compared to p+p interactions at the same energy. The strange baryon yields in Au+Au collisions, when scaled down by the number of participating nucleons, are enhanced relative to those measured in p+p reactions. The enhancement observed increases with the strangeness content of the baryon, and it increases for all strange baryons with collision centrality. The enhancement is qualitatively similar to that observed at the lower collision energy sqrt[s_NN]=17.3 GeV. The previous observations are for the bulk production, while at intermediate p_T,1<p_T<4 GeV/c, the strange baryons even exceed binary scaling from p+p yields.

Photoproduction reactions occur when the electromagnetic field of a relativistic heavy ion interacts with another heavy ion. The STAR Collaboration presents a measurement of ρ⁰ and direct π⁺π^- photoproduction in ultraperipheral relativistic heavy ion collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV. We observe both exclusive photoproduction and photoproduction accompanied by mutual Coulomb excitation. We find a coherent cross section of σ(AuAu→Au^*Au^*ρ⁰)=530±19(stat.)±57(syst.) mb, in accord with theoretical calculations based on a Glauber approach, but considerably below the predictions of a color dipole model. The ρ⁰ transverse momentum spectrum (p_T²) is fit by a double exponential curve including both coherent and incoherent coupling to the target nucleus; we find σ_inc/σ_coh=0.29±0.03(stat.)±0.08(syst.). The ratio of direct π⁺π^- to ρ⁰ production is comparable to that observed in γp collisions at HERA and appears to be independent of photon energy. Finally, the measured ρ⁰ spin helicity matrix elements agree within errors with the expected s-channel helicity conservation.

We report the measurement of Λ and Λ̅ yields and inverse slope parameters in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV at forward and backward rapidities (y=±2.75), using data from the STAR forward time projection chambers. The contributions of different processes to baryon transport and particle production are probed exploiting the inherent asymmetry of the d+Au system. Comparisons to model calculations show that baryon transport on the deuteron side is consistent with multiple collisions of the deuteron nucleons with gold participants. On the gold side, HIJING-based models without a hadronic rescattering phase do not describe the measured particle yields, while models that include target remnants or hadronic rescattering do. The multichain model can provide a good description of the net baryon density in d+Au collisions at energies currently available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and the derived parameters of the model agree with those from nuclear collisions at lower energies.

We determine rapidity asymmetry in the production of charged pions, protons, and antiprotons for large transverse momentum (p_T) for d+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV. The rapidity asymmetry is defined as the ratio of particle yields at backward rapidity (Au beam direction) to those at forward rapidity (d beam direction). The identified hadrons are measured in the rapidity regions |y|<0.5 and 0.5<|y|<1.0 for the p_T range 2.5<p_T<10  GeV/c. We observe significant rapidity asymmetry for charged pion and proton+antiproton production in both the rapidity regions. The asymmetry is larger for 0.5<|y|<1.0 than for |y|<0.5 and is almost independent of particle type. The measurements are compared to various model predictions employing multiple scattering, energy loss, nuclear shadowing, saturation effects, and recombination and also to a phenomenological parton model. We find that asymmetries are sensitive to model parameters and show model preference. The rapidity dependence of π^-/π⁺ and p̅ /p ratios in peripheral d+Au and forward neutron-tagged events are used to study the contributions of valence quarks and gluons to particle production at high p_T.

We report the first measurement of the opening angle distribution between pairs of jets produced in high-energy collisions of transversely polarized protons. The measurement probes (Sivers) correlations between the transverse spin orientation of a proton and the transverse momentum directions of its partons. With both beams polarized, the wide pseudorapidity (-1≤η≤+2) coverage for jets permits separation of Sivers functions for the valence and sea regions. The resulting asymmetries are all consistent with zero and considerably smaller than Sivers effects observed in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering. We discuss theoretical attempts to reconcile the new results with the sizable transverse spin effects seen in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and forward hadron production in pp collisions.

We present first measurements of the ϕ-meson elliptic flow (v₂(p_T)) and high-statistics p_T distributions for different centralities from sqrt[s_NN]=200  GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. In minimum bias collisions the v₂ of the ϕ meson is consistent with the trend observed for mesons. The ratio of the yields of the Ω to those of the ϕ as a function of transverse momentum is consistent with a model based on the recombination of thermal s quarks up to p_T∼4  GeV/c, but disagrees at higher momenta. The nuclear modification factor (R_CP) of ϕ follows the trend observed in the K_S⁰ mesons rather than in Λ baryons, supporting baryon-meson scaling. These data are consistent with ϕ mesons in central Au+Au collisions being created via coalescence of thermalized s quarks and the formation of a hot and dense matter with partonic collectivity at RHIC.

Dielectric microcavities are widely used as laser resonators and characterizations of their spectra are of interest for various applications. We experimentally investigate microlasers of simple shapes (Fabry-Perot, square, pentagon, and disk). Their lasing spectra consist mainly of almost equidistant peaks and the distance between peaks reveals the length of a quantized periodic orbit. To measure this length with a good precision, it is necessary to take into account different sources of refractive index dispersion. Our experimental and numerical results agree with the superscar model describing the formation of long-lived states in polygonal cavities. The limitations of the two-dimensional approximation are briefly discussed in connection with microdisks.

The system created in noncentral relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions possesses large orbital angular momentum. Because of spin-orbit coupling, particles produced in such a system could become globally polarized along the direction of the system angular momentum. We present the results of Λ and Λ̅ hyperon global polarization measurements in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=62.4 and 200 GeV performed with the STAR detector at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The observed global polarization of Λ and Λ̅ hyperons in the STAR acceptance is consistent with zero within the precision of the measurements. The obtained upper limit, |P_Λ,Λ̅ |≤0.02, is compared with the theoretical values discussed recently in the literature.

We have searched for strangelets in a triggered sample of 61 million central (top 4%) Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV near beam rapidities at the STAR solenoidal tracker detector at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We have sensitivity to metastable strangelets with lifetimes of order ≥0.1 ns, in contrast to limits over ten times longer in BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) studies and longer still at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Upper limits of a few 10^-6 to 10^-7 per central Au+Au collision are set for strangelets with mass ≳30 GeV/c².

We present strange particle spectra and yields measured at midrapidity in sqrt[s]=200 GeV proton-proton (p+p) collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We find that the previously observed universal transverse mass (m_T≡sqrt[p_T²+m²]) scaling of hadron production in p+p collisions seems to break down at higher m_T and that there is a difference in the shape of the m_T spectrum between baryons and mesons. We observe midrapidity antibaryon to baryon ratios near unity for Λ and Ξ baryons and no dependence of the ratio on transverse momentum, indicating that our data do not yet reach the quark-jet dominated region. We show the dependence of the mean transverse momentum 〈p_T〉 on measured charged particle multiplicity and on particle mass and infer that these trends are consistent with gluon-jet dominated particle production. The data are compared with previous measurements made at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron and Intersecting Storage Rings and in Fermilab experiments and with leading-order and next-to-leading-order string fragmentation model predictions. We infer from these comparisons that the spectral shapes and particle yields from p+p collisions at RHIC energies have large contributions from gluon jets rather than from quark jets.

The STAR collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) reports measurements of the inclusive yield of nonphotonic electrons, which arise dominantly from semileptonic decays of heavy flavor mesons, over a broad range of transverse momenta (1.2<p_T<10  GeV/c) in p+p, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200  GeV. The nonphotonic electron yield exhibits an unexpectedly large suppression in central Au+Au collisions at high p_T, suggesting substantial heavy-quark energy loss at RHIC. The centrality and p_T dependences of the suppression provide constraints on theoretical models of suppression.

We present STAR measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v₂ for pions, kaons, protons, Λ,Λ̅ ,Ξ+Ξ̅ , and Ω+Ω̅ , along with v₄ for pions, kaons, protons, and Λ+Λ̅ at midrapidity for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=62.4 and 200 GeV. The v₂(p_T) values for all hadron species at 62.4 GeV are similar to those observed in 130 and 200 GeV collisions. For observed kinematic ranges, v₂ values at 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV are as little as 10–15% larger than those in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=17.3 GeV. At intermediate transverse momentum (p_T from 1.5–5 GeV/c), the 62.4 GeV v₂(p_T) and v₄(p_T) values are consistent with the quark-number scaling first observed at 200 GeV. A four-particle cumulant analysis is used to assess the nonflow contributions to pions and protons and some indications are found for a smaller nonflow contribution to protons than pions. Baryon v₂ is larger than antibaryon v₂ at 62.4 and 200 GeV, perhaps indicating either that the initial spatial net-baryon distribution is anisotropic, that the mechanism leading to transport of baryon number from beam- to midrapidity enhances v₂ or that antibaryon and baryon annihilation is larger in the in-plane direction.

The far-field emission of two-dimensional stadium-shaped dielectric cavities is investigated. Microlasers with such shape present a highly directional emission. We provide experimental evidence of the dependence of the emission directionality on the shape of the stadium, in good agreement with ray numerical simulations. We develop an analytical geometrical optics model which permits to account for the main observed features. Wave numerical calculations confirm the results.

We report charged particle pair correlation analyses in the space of Δϕ (azimuth) and Δη (pseudorapidity), for central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV in the STAR detector. The analysis involves unlike-sign charged pairs and like-sign charged pairs, which are transformed into charge-dependent (CD) signals and charge-independent (CI) signals. We present detailed parametrizations of the data. A model featuring dense gluonic hot spots as first proposed by Van Hove predicts that the observables under investigation would have sensitivity to such a substructure should it occur, and the model also motivates selection of transverse momenta in the range 0.8<p_t<2.0 GeV/c. Both CD and CI correlations of high statistical significance are observed, and possible interpretations are discussed.

Cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence spectroscopies have been performed on hexagonal boron nitride powders. The combination of these techniques allows us to analyze the two observed luminescence bands. A deep-level UV emission at about 4 eV is attributed to defects or impurities, and a near-band-gap UV emission is observed at about 5.5 eV. The deep-level band is composed of four peaks, which are attributed to phonon replica due to localized vibrations. In the near-band-gap region, six components are observed between 5.2 and 5.96 eV, in agreement with the recent experiments performed on h-BN single crystals by Watanabe [Nat. Mater. 3, 404 (2004)], but they are assigned here to Frenkel excitons.

We present the scaling properties of Λ, Ξ, and Ω in midrapidity Au+Au collisions at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at sqrt[s_NN]=200  GeV. The yield of multistrange baryons per participant nucleon increases from peripheral to central collisions more rapidly than that of Λ, indicating an increase of the strange-quark density of the matter produced. The strange phase-space occupancy factor γ_s approaches unity for the most central collisions. Moreover, the nuclear modification factors of p, Λ, and Ξ are consistent with each other for 2<p_T<5  GeV/c in agreement with a scenario of hadron formation from constituent quark degrees of freedom.

We report a measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A_LL and the differential cross section for inclusive midrapidity jet production in polarized proton collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV. The cross section data cover transverse momenta 5<p_T<50  GeV/c and agree with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD evaluations. The A_LL data cover 5<p_T<17  GeV/c and disfavor at 98% C.L. maximal positive gluon polarization in the polarized nucleon.

We characterize strongly coupled microcavities in which optical hybridization occurs between the organic-dye zinc tetraphenyl-porphrin (ZnTPP) and a thin film of a self-assembled perovskite. Position-resolved reflectivity measurements demonstrate the formation of hybrid organic-inorganic exciton polaritons corresponding to a three-way admixture of the cavity photon with the electronic transitions of the ZnTPP and the perovskite. We find that such hybrid-polariton states can undergo radiative emission, despite the existence of a competing decay channel to lower-lying Q-band states. We argue that such hybrid polaritons can in principle act as an intermediate energy-transfer state between the organic and inorganic excitations.

We report on p-Λ,p-Λ̅ ,p̅ -Λ, and p̅ -Λ̅ correlation functions constructed in central Au-Au collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The proton and lambda source size is inferred from the p-Λ and p̅ -Λ̅ correlation functions. It is found to be smaller than the pion source size also measured by the STAR experiment at smaller transverse masses, in agreement with a scenario of a strong universal collective flow. The p-Λ̅ and p̅ -Λ correlation functions, which are measured for the first time, exhibit a large anticorrelation. Annihilation channels and/or a negative real part of the spin-averaged scattering length must be included in the final-state interactions calculation to reproduce the measured correlation function.

We present the first statistically meaningful results from two-K_s⁰ interferometry in heavy-ion collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=200 GeV. A model that takes the effect of the strong interaction into account has been used to fit the measured correlation function. The effects of single and coupled channels were explored. At the mean transverse mass 〈m_T〉=1.07 GeV, we obtain the values R=4.09±0.46(stat)±0.31(sys) fm and λ=0.92±0.23(stat)±0.13(sys), where R and λ are the invariant radius and chaoticity parameters, respectively. The results are qualitatively consistent with m_T systematics established with pions in a scenario characterized by a strong collective flow.

The STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider reports measurements of azimuthal correlations of high transverse momentum (p_T) charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at higher p_T than reported previously. As p_T is increased, a narrow, back-to-back peak emerges above the decreasing background, providing a clear dijet signal for all collision centralities studied. Using these correlations, we perform a systematic study of dijet production and suppression in nuclear collisions, providing new constraints on the mechanisms underlying partonic energy loss in dense matter.