Search Results (24 total)

Substantially more than half of the electromagnetic nuclear physics experiments conducted at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Laboratory) require highly polarized electron beams, often at high average current. Spin-polarized electrons are produced by photoemission from various GaAs-based semiconductor photocathodes, using circularly polarized laser light with photon energy slightly larger than the semiconductor band gap. The photocathodes are prepared by activation of the clean semiconductor surface to negative electron affinity using cesium and oxidation. Historically, in many laboratories worldwide, these photocathodes have had short operational lifetimes at high average current, and have often deteriorated fairly quickly in ultrahigh vacuum even without electron beam delivery. At Jefferson Lab, we have developed a polarized electron source in which the photocathodes degrade exceptionally slowly without electron emission, and in which ion back bombardment is the predominant mechanism limiting the operational lifetime of the cathodes during electron emission. We have reproducibly obtained cathode 1/e dark lifetimes over two years, and 1/e charge density and charge lifetimes during electron beam delivery of over 2×10⁵   C/cm² and 200 C, respectively. This source is able to support uninterrupted high average current polarized beam delivery to three experimental halls simultaneously for many months at a time. Many of the techniques we report here are directly applicable to the development of GaAs photoemission electron guns to deliver high average current, high brightness unpolarized beams.

This paper was published online on 20 May 2005 without several of the authors’ corrections incorporated. Equation (13) has been replaced. The captions of Figs. 16–18 have also been replaced. Typographical errors on pages 4, 6, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, and 24 have all been corrected. The paper has been corrected as of 8 June 2005. The text is correct in the printed version of the journal.

The ratio of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors, G_Ep/G_Mp, was obtained by measuring P_t and P_ℓ, the transverse and longitudinal recoil proton polarization components, respectively, for the elastic e→p→ep→reaction in the four-momentum transfer squared range of 0.5 to 3.5  GeV². In the single-photon exchange approximation, G_Ep/G_Mp is directly proportional to P_t/P_ℓ. The simultaneous measurement of P_t and P_ℓ in a polarimeter reduces systematic uncertainties. The results for G_Ep/G_Mp show a systematic decrease with increasing Q², indicating for the first time a definite difference in the distribution of charge and magnetization in the proton. The data have been reanalyzed and their systematic uncertainties have become significantly smaller than those reported previously.

The physics program in Hall A at Jefferson Lab commenced in the summer of 1997 with a detailed investigation of the ¹⁶O(e,e^′p) reaction in quasielastic, constant (q,ω) kinematics at Q²≈0.8  (GeV∕c)², q≈1  GeV∕c, and ω≈445  MeV. Use of a self-calibrating, self-normalizing, thin-film waterfall target enabled a systematically rigorous measurement. Five-fold differential cross-section data for the removal of protons from the 1p-shell have been obtained for 0<p_miss<350  MeV∕c. Six-fold differential cross-section data for 0<E_miss<120  MeV were obtained for 0<p_miss<340  MeV∕c. These results have been used to extract the A_LT asymmetry and the R_L, R_T, R_LT, and R_L+TT effective response functions over a large range of E_miss and p_miss. Detailed comparisons of the 1p-shell data with Relativistic Distorted-Wave Impulse Approximation (RDWIA), Relativistic Optical-Model Eikonal Approximation (ROMEA), and Relativistic Multiple-Scattering Glauber Approximation (RMSGA) calculations indicate that two-body currents stemming from meson-exchange currents (MEC) and isobar currents (IC) are not needed to explain the data at this Q². Further, dynamical relativistic effects are strongly indicated by the observed structure in A_LT at p_miss≈300  MeV∕c. For 25<E_miss<50  MeV and p_miss≈50  MeV∕c, proton knockout from the 1s_1∕2-state dominates, and ROMEA calculations do an excellent job of explaining the data. However, as p_miss increases, the single-particle behavior of the reaction is increasingly hidden by more complicated processes, and for 280<p_miss<340  MeV∕c, ROMEA calculations together with two-body currents stemming from MEC and IC account for the shape and transverse nature of the data, but only about half the magnitude of the measured cross section. For 50<E_miss<120  MeV and 145<p_miss<340  MeV∕c, (e,e^′pN) calculations which include the contributions of central and tensor correlations (two-nucleon correlations) together with MEC and IC (two-nucleon currents) account for only about half of the measured cross section. The kinematic consistency of the 1p-shell normalization factors extracted from these data with respect to all available ¹⁶O(e,e^′p) data is also examined in detail. Finally, the Q²-dependence of the normalization factors is discussed.

We report a virtual Compton scattering study of the proton at low c.m. energies. We have determined the structure functions P_LL-P_TT/ϵ and P_LT, and the electric and magnetic generalized polarizabilities (GPs) α_E(Q²) and β_M(Q²) at momentum transfer Q²=0.92 and 1.76  GeV². The electric GP shows a strong falloff with Q², and its global behavior does not follow a simple dipole form. The magnetic GP shows a rise and then a falloff; this can be interpreted as the dominance of a long-distance diamagnetic pion cloud at low Q², compensated at higher Q² by a paramagnetic contribution from πN intermediate states.

We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from protons. Significant contributions to this asymmetry could arise from the contributions of strange form factors in the nucleon. The measured asymmetry is A=−15.05±0.98(stat)±0.56(syst)  ppm at the kinematic point ⟨θ_lab⟩=12.3° and ⟨Q²⟩=0.477  (GeV∕c)². Based on these data as well as data on electromagnetic form factors, we extract the linear combination of strange form factors G_E^s+0.392G_M^s=0.014±0.020±0.010, where the first error arises from this experiment and the second arises from the electromagnetic form factor data. This paper provides a full description of the special experimental techniques employed for precisely measuring the small asymmetry, including the first use of a strained GaAs crystal and a laser-Compton polarimeter in a fixed target parity-violation experiment.

Exclusive electroproduction of π⁰ mesons on protons in the backward hemisphere has been studied at Q²=1.0  GeV² by detecting protons in the forward direction in coincidence with scattered electrons from the 4  GeV electron beam in Jefferson Lab’s Hall A. The data span the range of the total (γ*p) center-of-mass energy W from the pion production threshold to W=2.0  GeV. The differential cross sections σ_T+ϵσ_L, σ_TL, and σ_TT were separated from the azimuthal distribution and are presented together with the MAID and SAID parametrizations.

We measured the cross section and response functions for the quasielastic ¹⁶O(e,e^′p) reaction for missing energies 25≤E_m≤120 MeV at missing momenta P_m≤340 MeV/c. For 25<E_m<50 MeV and P_m≈60 MeV/c, the reaction is dominated by a single 1s_1/2 proton knockout. At larger P_m, the single-particle aspects are increasingly masked by more complicated processes. Calculations which include pion exchange currents, isobar currents, and short-range correlations account for the shape and the transversity, but for only half of the magnitude of the measured cross section.

The first (e→,e^′p→) polarization transfer measurements on a nucleus heavier than deuterium have been carried out at Jefferson Laboratory. Transverse and longitudinal components of the polarization of protons ejected in the reaction ¹⁶O(e→,e^′p→ ) were measured in quasielastic perpendicular kinematics at a Q² of 0.8 (GeV/c)². The data are in good agreement with state of the art calculations.

Tensor polarization observables ( t₂₀, t₂₁, and t₂₂) have been measured in elastic electron-deuteron scattering for six values of momentum transfer between 0.66 and 1.7 (GeV/c)². The experiment was performed at the Jefferson Laboratory in Hall C using the electron High Momentum Spectrometer, a specially designed deuteron magnetic channel and the recoil deuteron polarimeter POLDER. The new data determine to much larger Q² the deuteron charge form factors G_C and G_Q. They are in good agreement with relativistic calculations and disagree with perturbative QCD predictions.

We have measured the cross section for quasielastic 1p-shell proton knockout in the ¹⁶O(e,e^′p) reaction at ω  =  0.439 GeV and Q²  =  0.8 (GeV/c)² for missing momentum P_miss≤355 MeV/c. We have extracted the response functions R_L+TT, R_T, R_LT, and the left-right asymmetry, A_LT, for the 1p_1/2 and the 1p_3/2 states. The data are well described by relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation calculations. At large P_miss, the structure observed in A_LT indicates the existence of dynamical relativistic effects.

The ratio of the proton's elastic electromagnetic form factors, G_Ep/G_Mp, was obtained by measuring P_t and P_ℓ, the transverse and the longitudinal recoil proton polarization, respectively. For elastic e→p→ep→, G_Ep/G_Mp is proportional to P_t/P_ℓ. Simultaneous measurement of P_t and P_ℓ in a polarimeter provides good control of the systematic uncertainty. The results for the ratio G_Ep/G_Mp show a systematic decrease as Q² increases from 0.5 to 3.5 GeV², indicating for the first time a definite difference in the spatial distribution of charge and magnetization currents in the proton.

The differential cross section for ²H(γ,d)π⁰ has been measured at deuteron center-of-mass angles of 90° and 136°. This work reports the first data for this reaction above a photon energy of 1 GeV, and permits a test of the apparent constituent counting rule and reduced nuclear amplitude behavior as observed in elastic ed scattering. Measurements were performed up to a photon energy of 4.0 GeV, and are in good agreement with previous lower energy measurements. Overall, the data are inconsistent with both constituent-counting rule and reduced nuclear amplitude predictions.

The A(Q²) structure function in elastic electron-deuteron scattering was measured at six momentum transfers Q² between 0.66 and 1.80 (GeV/c)² in Hall C at Jefferson Laboratory. The scattered electrons and recoil deuterons were detected in coincidence, at a fixed deuteron angle of 60.5°. These new precise measurements resolve discrepancies between older sets of data. They put significant constraints on existing models of the deuteron electromagnetic structure, and on the strength of isoscalar meson exchange currents.

The deuteron elastic structure function A(Q²) has been extracted in the range 0.7≤Q²≤6.0 (GeV/c)² from cross section measurements of elastic electron-deuteron scattering in coincidence using the Hall A Facility of Jefferson Laboratory. The data are compared to theoretical models, based on the impulse approximation with the inclusion of meson-exchange currents, and to predictions of quark dimensional scaling and perturbative quantum chromodynamics.

We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from the proton. The kinematic point [ 〈θ_lab〉  =  12.3° and 〈Q²〉  =  0.48 (GeV/c)²] is chosen to provide sensitivity, at a level that is of theoretical interest, to the strange electric form factor G_E^s. The result, A  =  -14.5±2.2 ppm, is consistent with the electroweak standard model and no additional contributions from strange quarks. In particular, the measurement implies G_E^s+0.39G_M^s  =  0.023±0.034(stat)±0.022(syst)±0.026(δG_Eⁿ), where the last uncertainty arises from the estimated uncertainty in the neutron electric form factor.

We present a measurement of the induced proton polarization P_n in π⁰ electroproduction on the proton around the Δ resonance. The measurement was made at a central invariant mass and a squared four-momentum transfer of W=1231 MeV and Q²=0.126 GeV²/c², respectively. We measured a large induced polarization, P_n=-0.397±0.055±0.009. The data suggest that the scalar background is larger than expected from a recent effective Hamiltonian model.

The first measurements of the differential cross section for the d(γ,p)n reaction up to 4.0 GeV were performed at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Thomas Jefferson Laboratory. We report the cross sections at the proton center-of-mass angles of 36°, 52°, 69°, and 89°. These results are in reasonable agreement with previous measurements at lower energy. The 89° and 69° data show constituent-counting-rule behavior up to 4.0 GeV photon energy. The 52° and 36° data disagree with the counting-rule behavior. The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) model of nuclear reactions involving reduced amplitudes disagrees with the present data.

The first measurements of the induced proton polarization P_n for the ¹²C(e,e^′p→) reaction are reported. The experiment was performed at quasifree kinematics for energy and momentum transfer (ω,q)≈ (294 MeV, 756 MeV/c) and sampled a missing momentum range of 0–250 MeV/c. The induced polarization arises from final-state interactions and for these kinematics is dominated by the real part of the spin-orbit optical potential. The distorted-wave impulse approximation provides good agreement with data for the 1p_3/2 shell. The data for the continuum suggest that both the 1s_1/2 shell and underlying ℓ>1 configurations contribute.

Recoil proton polarization observables were measured for both the p(e→,e^′p→) and d(e→,e^′p→)n reactions at two values of Q² using a newly commissioned proton focal plane polarimeter at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center. The hydrogen and deuterium spin-dependent observables D_ℓℓ and D_ℓt, the induced polarization P_n, and the form factor ratio G_E^p/G_M^p were measured under identical kinematics. The deuterium and hydrogen results are in good agreement with each other and with the plane-wave impulse approximation (PWIA).

The analyzing power A_y0 of the reaction H(p→,d)π⁺ has been measured at a fixed value of the Mandelstam variable u_d=-0.17 GeV² for nine proton energies between 1000 and 1300 MeV. The experiment was performed at SATURNE with the SPES1 spectrometer. The data exhibit structure around sqrt[s]≃2.37 GeV. The origin of this structure could be related to a resonancelike behavior of the ¹S₀P or ¹G₄F partial amplitudes.

We determined the electric form factor G_Eⁿ of the neutron from the quasielastic ²H(e→,e^’n→)¹H reaction at a central squared four-momentum transfer Q²=0.255 (GeV/c)² with a longitudinally polarized electron beam of 868 MeV and a low (∼0.8%) duty factor. A neutron polarimeter designed and constructed specifically for this experiment was used to measure the sideways polarization of the recoil neutron, which was detected in coincidence with the scattered electron. Theoretical calculations have established that this polarization-transfer technique for quasielastic scattering produces a value of G_Eⁿ that shows little sensitivity to the influence of final-state interactions, meson-exchange currents, isobar configurations, and deuteron structure. The value for G_Eⁿ from this measurement is 0.066±0.036±0.009.

The ²H(e,e’n)¹H quasielastic cross section was measured at Q² values of 0.109, 0.176, and 0.255 (GeV/c)². The neutron detection efficiency was determined by the associated particle technique with the ²H(γ,pn) reaction for each of the three neutron kinetic energies. These ²H(e,e’n) measurements of the coincidence cross sections are the first at low Q². The cross sections are sensitive primarily to the neutron magnetic form factor G_Mⁿ at these kinematics. The extracted G_Mⁿ values have smaller uncertainties than previous data and are consistent with the dipole parametrization at the two higher momentum transfers; at the lowest momentum transfer, the value of G_Mⁿ is ∼10% higher than the dipole value.